Ethereum (Roadmap) in 30min by Vitalik Buterin - Devconnect

[music] Hello everyone. How are you today?

Hello everyone. How are you today?

>> Amazing. Raise your hands if you're doing better than the average person in this room today.

H actually about 50%. Okay, you guys are well calibrated.

So, Ethereum in 30 minutes. Um, so I think uh so Ethereum in one sentence. So, who

here remembers FTX? Raise your hand if you remember FTX.

Raise your hand if you remember Mount Gaus.

Okay, still a lot of people. Now, I

don't know. I uh actually don't really have too many negative feelings toward Mark Cropellis. You know, the person for

Mark Cropellis. You know, the person for Mount Cox. I think uh he made a huge

Mount Cox. I think uh he made a huge mistake, but if you look at every single piece of his behavior after it, I thought he he's been actually doing a good job of uh you know, learning from

it, adapting, like working on positive some security things. But FTX, I just think it's a a perfect example of like what you do if you take Ethereum's

principles and then like literally rotate them 180 degrees, right? And like

I'm not the one putting his face up there. Like every single FTX ad has

there. Like every single FTX ad has SPF's face as like the single most prominent feature by like a factor of five. So Ethereum in one sentence, you

five. So Ethereum in one sentence, you know, it's not whatever this is. So

Ethereum in a few bullet points, right?

basically, you know, centralized trust going to anyone can verify, right? So,

FTX was a centralized exchange and uh people put huge amounts of money into it. There was absolutely no way to

it. There was absolutely no way to verify whether um or not FTX was even solvent. And of course, it eventually

solvent. And of course, it eventually turned out that FTX was not solvent. Um

don't be evil to uh can't be evil. So,

don't be evil. It was this, you know, famous idealistic slogan of Google in the early days, especially when Google was a smaller company. It was this

company that seemed to really genuinely pride itself on being a positive sum.

And of course, as Google grew, uh, a lot of those uh, look, positive values really started to fall away over time.

And then famously, the model was uh, formally retired uh, sometime in the last decade. And I think it's like

last decade. And I think it's like something much more banal like do the right thing now right so the approach of the previous generation and the approach

of which we've already seen a lot of consequences is when you go out and shout trust me because I'm the good guy the point of decentralized technology the point of blockchains is that you do

not have to trust them another big uh difference um I build for you versus we build for each other I think you know, go uh it's uh you know, I'm in

on crypto because I want to make an impact, right? And there's this really

impact, right? And there's this really subtle difference between a company and a community that I think is like really super important, right? And uh actually

one other example of this that comes to mind is uh one that I like hesitate to criticize because I actually think it's like very innovative and there's a lot

of positives to it. But uh Estonian e e- residency who here remembers Estonian e- residency. So Eston

residency. So Eston was like very far ahead of its time right and you know it lets you digitally open a bank account. It lets you digitally vote. It lets you digitally do

digitally vote. It lets you digitally do a lot of egovernment things. But uh one of the like more idealistic visions that that I remember that project having is

this idea that Estonia can expands to be this digital nation and like Estonia can be much bigger than the than physical

Estonia with its 1.3 million residents, right? And the challenge is that uh like

right? And the challenge is that uh like this kind of misunderstands what is a real community, right? Estonia was

extremely successful as a service provider, as a hub and spoke structure.

You have an entity in the center, Estonian government, that's providing services. Those services are hugely

services. Those services are hugely valuable. They're actually very helpful

valuable. They're actually very helpful for a lot of people scattered around the world to get EU bank accounts for example, but it's not a community. The

difference between a company and a community is a company is a hub and spoke structure. there's a thing at the

spoke structure. there's a thing at the center that does stuff and collects money. A community is everyone in or

money. A community is everyone in or very large number of people that are all doing things for each other. It's open

not just in the open AI sense of uh open where you know there's like an open API and you can go use it. It's not even open in the uh sense of like a a lot of

open LLM work where you can just like go download this like fixed blob of uh like BF16 values. It's uh it's open in like

BF16 values. It's uh it's open in like this full stack way where it's like really open not just to consumption but also to creation also um currying favor

with politicians uh becomes uh credible neutrality and freedom right Ethereum as a a global network that is here for the

world that is here to protect people's freedom in the world and uh that uh is not there to try to like make uh make

friends with like one particular company or one particular superpower or something else and to the to the detriment of everyone else. Now we do

believe in the global thing. Um now if uh you know you think the word global is you know like two soy or whatever you can also use the word cosmo local you know there's a lot there's a lot of

different words uh but you know we do you know we we are here to impact the world. So let's get to Ethereum, the

world. So let's get to Ethereum, the world computer, right? So Ethereum is a global open censorship resistant

platform for building decentralized applications. So this is like the

applications. So this is like the simplest diagram of Ethereum that you can have right now.

Now you know you might have guessed that a blockchain is a chain made out of things called blocks and you would be right. And uh every 12 seconds a new

right. And uh every 12 seconds a new block comes and uh every block contains a bunch of uh transactions

and uh you know the the blockchain processes you know about a little bit under 2 million transactions a day. I

think with the gas limit going up it'll soon go above 2 million. And uh

and then there's this consensus mechanism right once it was before it was proof of work now it's proof of stake. And basically the job of the

stake. And basically the job of the blockchain is uh it's this thing where anyone as a user can send transactions which are basically instructions saying

this is what I wants to do and the blockchain ensures that everyone agrees what happened like which transactions were sent and in what order a big

difference the main difference between Ethereum and what came before Ethereum is the programmability right blockchains before Ethereum they were either single

purpose protocols. Uh so they were just

purpose protocols. Uh so they were just meant uh for one particular application or they were what I call Swiss Army knife protocols, right? Protocols where

the developers say here are 14 different applications and uh we're going to create 14 different transaction types to support each one. And then if someone

somewhere discovers a 15th application, well, we have to hard fork the protocol.

Ethereum instead embraces programmability. So whatever application

programmability. So whatever application you wants to make, you can upload a computer program and for historical reasons that have to do with like Nick Sabo and early crypto and like blah blah

blah blah blah and like you can look it up. These programs are called contracts

up. These programs are called contracts or smart contracts. But you know it's a lot of people like especially people in the legal profession get confused by the word contract. So uh just know that

word contract. So uh just know that contract is a technical term. I mean if you're a developer you know like promise is a technical term in JavaScript like contract is a technical term here right and uh you know you upload computer

programs to chain and these computer programs automatically run when users send a transaction to interact with them right so at a technical level this is

basically what it is right so it's the world computer not in the sense of being a computer that is literally big enough to host all of the world's computation

including all of the crazy LLM inference and all of the crazy cat video generation. It's uh a computer that is

generation. It's uh a computer that is limited in its scale uh but that is designed for global consensus that is designed for extreme robustness and that

decentralization and the ability of anyone anywhere in the world to trust that it will keep working exactly as programmed.

So what are blockchains good for? Right?

I think uh obviously the original category and still you know the biggest category payments and uh financial applications right so bitcoin the first

blockchain was born as peer-to-peer electronic digital cash and uh even in ethereum if you look at the Ethereum white paper there is this list of

applications that motivated Ethereum and uh something like half of them maybe a bit more than have you know different kinds of finance there is uh issuing

assets exchanging between assets doing I mean know like financial derivatives you know even things like prediction markets um also DAOs right decentralized autonomous organizations systems where

you basically take the rules of an organization like a company you encode the rules on chain and then those rules directly control whatever assets the

organization has um So blockchains tend to be good for these things. And uh one of the ways that this often gets talked about is uh blockchains solve the uh the

double spending problem, right? So the

double spending problem is uh you know it's this term that you'll hear es especially if you look at sort of the deep lore of how this space came to be.

And the core idea is well why do we need this concept of agreement, right? Why do

we need this concept of like let's have these proof ofstake nodes that are voting on what came in what order? And

you ask, well, what if we didn't have consensus, right? What if we just had a

consensus, right? What if we just had a decentralized network like something like Bit Torrent, right? You can upload a file on Bit Torrent. Whoever wants to upload it can download it. You can even have those files contain programs. You

can even like add a sidecar that automatically runs those programs. The easiest problem to understand for why that kind of thing is not good enough

for money is this double spending problem. Right? The problem basically is

problem. Right? The problem basically is imagine I have one ETH and I send 0.7 E

to someone over there and then I so I send that transaction I send another transaction that sends 0.7 ETH to someone over there. In total,

I've spent one point I've turned one ETH into 1.4 ETH. If people can do this, then you hyperinflate ETH and the value of ETH goes to zero. Who here wants the

value of ETH to go to zero? Okay, no

raised hands. That's uh that's good to see. Uh so the

see. Uh so the possible, you need some way of adjudicating which transaction came first. And that's what a blog uh what a

first. And that's what a blog uh what a blockchain does. Now blockchains are

blockchain does. Now blockchains are also useful beyond finance. So probably

our most successful non-financial application is uh ENS which uh I'm sure you'll hear about in various places this week. So you can have your you can own

week. So you can have your you can own your own name basically you know you can go and uh get a domain. So I have vitalic. You could go register something

vitalic. You could go register something else that has not been taken. And this

is like a username that can be that gets uh seen as your username across a whole bunch of different Ethereum applications. And it's not controlled by

applications. And it's not controlled by any one service provider, right? So it's

not like a Google account or like a government issued name or um like some other kind of ID. Um then uh blockchains

give you strong guarantees of the ability to participate, right? So

blockchains give you a strong guarantee that if you send a transaction and the transaction is valid so it follows the rules of the protocol then it will be

very quickly included. This and not just it will be included but it will be included quite quickly. This is uh val also called censorship resistance. It's

uh valuable for a lot of things. So it's

useful for example in finance right? So,

uh, you it's useful to prevent market manipulation. If some major event

manipulation. If some major event happens, you do not want the operator to be able to like censor all of the people that are selling and only allow the people that are buying. That would be a

great way to create more bubbles. Um,

it's useful in voting. You don't want to censor people who are voting the wrong way. Uh, blockchains are also good for

way. Uh, blockchains are also good for what I call proof of inexistence, right?

So, proof that only a limited amount of something was issued. So if you want to issue a thousand uh you know like stamps uh or you know like saying that someone

is part of your community, you can prove that you only issued a thousand and not that you issued 10 million. And so you can prove you're not kind of secretly holding a bunch of these identities

yourself. um also a proof that something

yourself. um also a proof that something was not made before some uh some particular uh point of t uh point in time or of course on the other side a

proof that something was made before some point in time and this is useful for like video authentication and various other use cases. So blockchains

you know there's this are a diverse tool financial applications also this other interesting long to long tail to it I think uh both sides are valuable now

what are blockchains alone not good for one privacy so uh blog you know Zuko famously you know

from Zcash he calls uh uh bitcoin Twitter for your bank account and uh you know who here wants like all of your financial transactions to automatically

get into tweets.

Okay, no raised hands, right? But the

thing you have to realize is that if you send the blockchain and they're not private, like actually if someone was motivated, they totally could make a Twitter bot

that just automatically waits for you to send a transaction like LLM analyzes it, tries to figure out who you sent it to, and then makes a tweet. So, it's like actually less far from Twitter for a

bank account than you think. And um

blockchains are not good for extreme scalability, right? So if you want to

scalability, right? So if you want to run a program that gen that LLM generates a cat picture on Ethereum, it'll probably take you like millions of

dollars of transaction fees to do it. Um

blockchains alone not good for low latency. This is an inherent cost of

latency. This is an inherent cost of decentralization. If you want a system

decentralization. If you want a system that is geographically decentralized and neutral that the world can participate in, that's not something that can have 50 latency because if it does then all of

the activity just gets concentrated in one city. Um access to real world

one city. Um access to real world information. So uh this is like often

information. So uh this is like often when when people hear the word smart contracts they immediately think oh you know does this mean that we can do like immediately do legal contracts on

Ethereum and Ethereum does like does not solve the biggest trust problem there right which is like you still need someone to tell you the information like if there's a payment that's conditional on something happening like the

information of did that thing actually happen. So blockchains can be combined

happen. So blockchains can be combined with other adject objects or gadgets to achieve some of these goals. But for

blockchains alone, these areas are weaknesses. Now Ethereum is part of a

weaknesses. Now Ethereum is part of a larger story. Uh so this picture is from

larger story. Uh so this picture is from uh Gavin Wood back in uh 2015 and uh you know there was this early vision this vision of uh web 3 right this vision

that Ethereum is part of a suite of technologies that together create a more free and open internet and blockchains are great for one piece of this puzzle

but in back in 2015 there were also these sister protocols that were being worked on actually mean both of them still are worked on Right. So, Swarm,

which basically does distributed storage of data where the size of the data is too large to uh go on a chain that everyone downloads and then Whisper,

which is a off-chain peer-to-peer messaging protocol where you don't care about consensus. And if you don't care

about consensus. And if you don't care about consensus, you know, you don't have to pay transaction fees. The whole

thing is just a lot simpler and a lot cheaper. Now,

cheaper. Now, these protocols are still being worked on, right? So whisper has become waku

on, right? So whisper has become waku and it's actually being used in a bunch of privacy protocols and messengers and various other things and swarm swarm

team is around and then also IPFS is being used a lot. So these things still exist, right? But I think uh one of the

exist, right? But I think uh one of the big things that's happened is that you know the larger story has kind of expanded quite a bit, right? And to me the larger story is that there's this

category of technology that's called cryptography. And cryptography enables

cryptography. And cryptography enables collaboration at scale without centralized trust. Cryptography the most

centralized trust. Cryptography the most basic form is things like encryption and things like signing. encryption. You

know, it allows you right now to talk to your friends in foreign countries 10,000 kilometers away without anyone in the middle being able to see what you're

what messages you're sending. You're

able to use other people's infrastructure to make it possible for your messages to get 10,000 kilometers across without the people running that infrastructure being able to see what

you're doing. um signatures they allow

you're doing. um signatures they allow you to to verify, right? So they allow you to see well is the message you're getting actually from the person who's

uh uh who who who it's claiming to be.

Recently we've been seeing this growth of uh you know programmable cryptography. this like much more

cryptography. this like much more advanced form of cryptography where not only can you encrypt information and sign information but you can gen do

entire computations over encrypted data you can generate cryptographic proofs over encrypted data. You can prove things about data that you have without

even revealing that data. You can do computations that combine multiple people's data. um you can take programs

people's data. um you can take programs that contain your data um and only like do specific like a specific set of things with it. Um so that's offiscation

that's like still a little like quite far away but much less far away than it was 10 years ago. So there's this like whole suite of tools, right, that let you do a lot of uh a lot of these things

that enable collaboration at large scale without people needing to trust centralized actors. And blockchains are

centralized actors. And blockchains are in a lot of ways really complimentary to this. And some of the most advanced

this. And some of the most advanced applications that you'll hear about this week, a lot of them already use a combination of blockchains and things

like ZKPs and FHE. So one plug, DAC day.

Um so uh a lot happening in a couple of days. So we'll have uh some interesting

days. So we'll have uh some interesting demos. This is uh one of my favorites is

demos. This is uh one of my favorites is this uh air quality monitor that collects information about the uh the environment and the newest version

actually uses some of these advanced technologies to uh create a data set that can be used for science uh but that at the same time is uh privacy preserving in so that it does not reveal

any compromising information about individual people. So these are things

individual people. So these are things that are like actually possible to do today. So what's in Ethereum's future?

today. So what's in Ethereum's future?

So I think uh the highle goals here right is uh you know we want a network that is secure that is robust that is

lean that is globally decentralized that uh is censorship resistant and uh you know that has all of the properties that

uh people have been really excited about blockchains for having basically since since the beginning with Bitcoin. But

then given these constraints, we want something that is fast. We want

something that is scalable so that applications that wants to benefit from these uh properties actually have the space and actually have the ability to

do that. So 2025 2026 this is you know

do that. So 2025 2026 this is you know the scalability arc. So the gas limit which is a measure of how many transactions Ethereum can process has

actually already increased by 50% this year. So Ethereum can already process

year. So Ethereum can already process 50% more transactions than it could at the start of the year. There is a movement to increase the gas limit to 60 million. So this is like this voting

million. So this is like this voting process that the nodes in the Ethereum network need to do. And so you know like about a quarter of them are already voting for 60. I think this number is

going to keep increasing. And over the course of uh 2026, uh we're going to have a bunch of EIPs that make it possible for the Ethereum network to

safely handle a larger amount of scale while at the um at the same time preserving decentralization while preserving the ability for regular nodes

to function. So EIP7732

to function. So EIP7732 enshrines proposer builder separation.

This has a lot of different effects. One

of the effects is basically that it makes it possible for nodes to spend a much larger portion of the slot processing a block without this uh

compromising the network's [snorts] decentralization and like heavily favoring centralized nodes over decentralized nodes. And then block

decentralized nodes. And then block level access lists. So block level access lists basically mean that every node except for the original node that

created a block is able to process the block in parallel. So who here remembers you know has heard people complaining that the EVM sucks because it has no parallelization.

So with block level access list like actually for every node except the node that creates this block the problem is like basically to a large extent solved which is like really fascinating. So

both of these things they will enable further safe gas limit increases that will make Ethereum much more performant and much more capable of handling high throughput applications at the end of

next year than even it will be at the end of this year. So huge amount of amazing uh scalability work done by uh the Ethereum protocol research team done

by the hardworking Ethereum client teams very excited about both of these things.

Then another thing that I'm excited about ZKVMs uh return of the cult of the full node. So who here ran an Ethereum

full node. So who here ran an Ethereum full node like 5 to 8 years ago?

Who here runs an Ethereum full node today?

Okay. So that's good actually about the same number of people which is but but also not nearly enough people. Now

I remember when I synced a full node most recently it took 4 days. 4 days is a long time. It also takes over a terabyte on your hard drive. Also to

actually keep it running you have to do like 400 milliseconds of computation and it's intensive and it drains your battery. And also it

battery. And also it m makes your hard drive die much uh you know more quickly. It's an expensive thing. ZKVMs so this is based on zero

thing. ZKVMs so this is based on zero knowledge proofs. This technology that I

knowledge proofs. This technology that I talked about they let you verify that a block is correct without doing all of the execution yourself. This is a technology that is no longer science

fiction. It is now going to be alpha

fiction. It is now going to be alpha stage reality. Uh so this is from

stage reality. Uh so this is from eofroofs.org. or there's already like

eofroofs.org. or there's already like provers that are able to prove the uh Ethereum blocks in real time with uh I

think some number of like low tens of of consumer GPUs. So and then that number

consumer GPUs. So and then that number is like shrinking very quickly with every couple of months. So we can reduce the computation requirements of a node

to near zero. Now bandwidth and storage and IO costs they stay but they are red but yeah there's even

big that that state like who here has a phone with like 512 gigs like this a few hands like literally a phone like that's a thing

that exists now right then no it be like you can actually start thinking about having a uh a full node um So we can uh

like I think look within 1 to two years the number of people who will actually be able to have a full node will will increase quite a bit despite the scaling that is happening over the next two

years.

Uh 2026 to 27 censorship resistance and decentralization upgrades. So, Fossil

decentralization upgrades. So, Fossil basically allows a large basically like a medium-sized set of nodes to propose

like effectively mini blocks every slot and so this creates stronger guarantees that uh if you send a transaction your transaction can get included quickly.

Also ongoing work with account abstraction basically making sure that you can have more powerful smart wallets uh more powerful wallets with better forms of security. the ability to do

things like changing your keys, even support for some of the privacy protocols we're talking about this week and do all of this without dependence on

on intermediaries. Um, so a lot of good

on intermediaries. Um, so a lot of good things here. Then the longer term uh so

things here. Then the longer term uh so uh you know Justin's team has been working on lean Ethereum and lean Ethereum is this kind of longer term effort uh basically uh deeper

improvements to make Ethereum efficient and secure for the long term replacing a lot of suboptimal components with components that are known to be much

closer to optimal. So really focusing on security, simplicity, optimality and in parallel with adoption of ZKVMs which uh

could include you know VMs that are much more optimized than the EVM enabling the next order of magnitude of scaling L1.

So themes in lean Ethereum optimized fast zk friendly VM um quantum resistance everywhere uh zk friendly hash function. So currently the leading

hash function. So currently the leading contender is Poseidon. There's an active effort uh to learn as much as we can about Poseidon security and bounties for

breaking it. So there's a lot of uh

breaking it. So there's a lot of uh academic research that's uh going in to ensure that it's robustness. Uh formally

verifying everything also optimal consensus. So much faster finality. Also

consensus. So much faster finality. Also

a available chain with with fast slots.

So a lot of uh like different pieces where we basically like learn from all everything that we've managed to do in the last five years. We learn from our mistakes in the last 5 years and we also

like properly include technologies that have only become really possible and available in the last 5 years and even some that are like bleeding edge right

now. Uh

now. Uh also user level work right so trustless user experience. Um this uh incl and you

user experience. Um this uh incl and you know this includes privacy this includes security. Um so on the privacy side um

security. Um so on the privacy side um you know people talk about privacy as meaning uh you know like basically ZK proofs um that you know like protect your data on chain but it's this like

really much bigger piece right it includes uh protecting your privacy from RPC nodes that you're getting your data from. It includes uh network level

from. It includes uh network level privacy. It includes privacy for voting.

privacy. It includes privacy for voting.

includes uh improving privacy in DeFi.

So a lot of uh even uh you know things like private account abstraction also security uh so light clients are uh

improving so Helios uh is improving also software supply chain dependencies uh so basically how do we reduce the amount of

software that we uh that have to depend on that could if it has a bug um like break the whole thing onchain uh version

control. So can we uh do do things like

control. So can we uh do do things like manage our software versions on chain basically move away from an environment where the front-end stuff depends on a server and if someone hacks the server

they can take away everything um multisig social recovery wallets hardware wallets uh account abstraction interoperability um so a lot of efforts uh you know like happening and there's

an event uh I think events happening this week for the OAF effort and also events happening for the effort also I

mean interoperability is a very kind of multi-dimensional problem so Ethereum can be a standard bearer for

a more free open and cooperative world enabled by permissionless open technology and decentralized trustless security and it's a powerful technology

it's a technology that's rapidly becoming more powerful and it's a technology that's a member of this wider suite of uh of tools that are really

growing in strength very quickly. And I

think uh you know the Ethereum community and the Ethereum technology can really help bring this kind of much more free, open, and cooperative world into reality. So let's work together and make

reality. So let's work together and make this happen. Thank you.

this happen. Thank you.

>> [applause] >> So, >> all right.

>> Um, >> thank you so much, Vitalic. Um, I think everyone knows what the first question is going to be, so I'm going to go right ahead and ask it. Where can we get those glasses?

>> I I think they're like on Amazon.

Unfortunately, we haven't made decentralized Amazon yet. So, like

hackathon idea.

>> Okay. So, direct segue, similar question. How do you think of Ethereum's

question. How do you think of Ethereum's relationship with Wall Street?

>> How do I think of Ethereum's relationship to what?

>> Wall Street.

>> Wall Street. I mean, they're, you know, they're a user. I think, you know, we're in Ethereum. We're prouser.

in Ethereum. We're prouser.

>> Awesome. Um,

and you know, I guess you covered a lot about like what Ethereum can be, uh, where it is today. Um, what do you think is an underrated thing that people could focus potentially a bit more on that

extends the properties of Ethereum into the world?

>> Something people can focus on that extends the properties of Ethereum to the world.

>> Yeah.

>> Yeah. I mean, I think uh, you know, there's a couple of different dimensions to this, right? One of them is just uh, like real world adoption of Ethereum itself, right? And so, you know, the

itself, right? And so, you know, the dream started with payments. And like I remember in uh 2013, I was really excited. Uh, you know, I went there was

excited. Uh, you know, I went there was this district in Berlin, the Bitcoin Keats. Actually, who remembers the

Keats. Actually, who remembers the Bitcoin Keats?

And there was this like district in Croitt in Berlin where like a guy convinced like 10 restaurants within a few hundred meters of each other to accept Bitcoin at the same time. And

like it turned into this like neighbor basically like Bitcoin culture neighborhood. And then there was this

neighborhood. And then there was this like a lot of momentum around making payments with Bitcoin happen. But then

for like a few reasons at the same time it died off right I think you know transaction fee is rising were a big one like we have the technology to make payments like really work again right and there is a lot of demands demands to

make crypto payments work again actually in Buenosirus there's like even a lot of physical locations that accept you know like ETH and like Ethereum based stables and other stables for payment right so

like even those kinds of like real world uses I think are good and then the other thing is you know like you look at some of the underlying suite of technologies and like for any kind of like domain

whether it's you know communications or governance or even like lower levels of the stack operating systems even hardware like basically yeah you know like think with the yeah the principles

in mind that uh we talked about today think about you know like how to make things that are more open make things that minimize you know the need for

trust things that protect users And uh uh also at the same time you know like think about some of these newer technologies including blockchains including cryptography that uh enable

going much further in that direction than we did before and uh really uh like there's just so much uh that can be done there as well.

>> Um what is the most important skill for both new and old cohorts of Ethereum >> to get better trained in or be better at?

I mean, I think it uh I mean, it does like depend on like who you are, but I think uh communities like ours, it's uh it's always healthy to be well-rounded, right? I think it's uh you know, it's

right? I think it's uh you know, it's always healthy to kind of uh you know, like poke your foot in at least a few different aspects of the space. So, I'd

encourage people here this week to like try at least once paying for a coffee and ETH um at the same time. If you

don't have a wallet, you know, install a install a wallet. Um, like if you haven't used a DAP, use a DAP. Um, if

uh, you know, like you have never written a smart contract, try like writing a uh, a smart contract. Like

even if you're um, up for it even like try learning how like even one of the underlying protocols works.

and uh like also like look into you know like how all of these technologies kind of interact with you know like the wider world and I think uh you know

Argentina's been a great place for that and uh a there's been a lot of adoption at like all all of the different levels of uh of the stack so I think it's uh

it's valuable to like really understand you know like some of all those things.

>> Uh another question we had is how did you come up with the name Ethereum?

So, I think I was uh I was like browsing a list of elements from science fiction and I thought this one sounds nice.

>> Okay, awesome. What about the logo?

Similar.

>> Okay, so this is a a fun story. Like I'm

not sure exactly what happened, but I think I think what happened is like the reason why Ethereum was on that list of elements from science fiction is because there was this uh Japanese movie called

Castle in the Sky. And in that movie, one of the central objects was, you know, the Ethereum crystal. The Ethereum

crystal is like the thing that made the castle float. And uh I had no idea this

castle float. And uh I had no idea this is where it was from. But then, you know, I called it Ethereum. And then I think our artist uh like probably knew about the movie and then like made the logo in the shape of an Ethereum

crystal. And then I remember like

crystal. And then I remember like actually watching like learning about and watching the movie for the first time literally 5 years after that. And

I'm like, whoa, the crystal actually looks like the logo.

>> Awesome. I I think that's all the questions that we have. Do you do you have anything else you want to tell the community?

>> Um, >> any lunch recommendations?

>> Um, you know, eat good food, make sure to drink water, uh, make sure to, you know, like spend lots of time outside and like enjoy good air. You know, like air is also one of the four elements

important that it's clean. Um, and enjoy your week, you know.

>> Thank you so much, Italy.

[applause] >> Awesome. So, now we have a little break.

>> Awesome. So, now we have a little break.

Uh, please enjoy your lunch. There's a

bunch of incredible food outside. Um.